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Numerous other Scientologist-run businesses and companies come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses using Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated organizations. WISE needs those who wish to end up being Hubbard management seeks advice from to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section needs growth. You can help by adding to it. In order to assist in the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the kind of effective or highly regarded individuals. Scientology Perth. Though it has actually achieved some trustworthiness as a religion in many nations, Scientology has actually also been referred to as both a cult and an industrial business.
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For instance, it has been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Level playing field people it views as its opponents. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were founded guilty for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, harmful libel versus lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be perceived as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had at first demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as determined in a web survey run by the presidential transition group obtaining public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular aspects of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was created with its head workplace positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later relabelled the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later organized and devoted one of the biggest penetration of United States federal companies ever perpetrated by next a company not associated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime dedicated by these offenders is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No individual or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past utilized aggressive techniques in dealing with those it views as attempting to suppress them, understood as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper understood to have been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb risks in our website her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to jail for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.